Counting the invisible: 30% of an LLM workflow's spend wasn't visible to the substrate.

What we measured against a real rate-limited provider when the substrate's accounting got more honest.

Lamina Token Accounting Petri Nets Rate Limits Verification Substrate

Statically Bounding Resource Accumulation in LLM Agent Workflows: The Cost Case

A decidable, polynomial-time static analyzer produces a sound upper bound on the cumulative cost — and any monotone resource — accumulated across every reachable marking of an LLM agent workflow. Proven, implemented in Lamina, and evaluated against a live model across 25 parameter combinations with no violation.

Lamina Petri Nets Formal Verification LLM Agents Cost Bounds Static Analysis